th400 fluid flow diagram. Filtration is a physical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid. th400 fluid flow diagram

 
 Filtration is a physical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluidth400 fluid flow diagram 050 229/241

If the fluid is adequate, then inspect the release switch. Note that there are two different detent solenoids used in the TH400. 27 15/16 in. 00. 4l60e transmission diagram4l60e schematic diagram indexnewspaper com Transmission diagram chevy parts flow th400 cooler fluid wiring truck lines repair th350 trucks. On the transmission (TH400) the bottom line is out and the top line is the return. . While this is well established and widely. TH400 fluid drainback The 1973 - 1987 Chevrolet & GMC Squarebody Pickups Message Board. Fire it up and let it idle for a bit. #4 · Jul 20, 2017. Note the use of the solenoid gasket with the early model. Remove the driveshaft. Off Unless otherwise stated, fluid properties are for mean fluid temperature. It is important to consider the after-effects that occur due to an. Check water thermostat operation. Some areas are cast iron, such as the center support for the transmission. Block was decked to 8. The hotline is the fluid returning from the transmission, and the cold line is the fluid returning into the transmission. GAS01 109J Pan Gasket (Fibre). Pulled the trans 2-years ago and long story short it went back in without so much as the pan coming off. 06:1 ratio. Use care to avoid damaging the material where the bushing rides. ATI now has an answer for this market and offers three variations of a 2-speed Turbo 400! OEM cased units are rated to 1800 HP and not intended for heavy weight cars. The TH350 takes about 4 quarts in the pan and may require more fluid. Some are simply one square, such as pressure valves, but others use three joined. TH400 Transmission, Rebuilt TH400 Transmission, TH400, Monster Transmission offers free shipping on TH400 transmissions, also offering completely rebuilt TH400 transmission and turbo 400 transmissions, TH400 rebuild. It is widely regarded to be a supremely durable and legendary transmission. For TH400, the amount of transmission fluid it takes is 6 quarts in the pan. 99. A block and bleed valve isolates or blocks the flow of fluid in a system, so the fluid from. ATI SuperCase recommended over 2000 HP! 2-Speed Max-Duty Outlaw T400 Transmission 1,800 to 3,000 HP Max rating, depending on options. A WEBSITE crankshaftcoalition. The tranny cooler should be hooked up after the original cooler before the fluid goes back to the trans. Synthetic fluid is acceptable but not required. Although not mandatory, we have found that hooking up4l80e fluid flow diagramValve body diagram transmission 4r100 superior indicated automatic below 4r100 transmission diagram4r100 e40d e4od f150 f250 f350 mecanica automotriz. Lymphatic system is considered as a part of both the circulatory and immune systems, as well as a usually neglected part of students' books. As the fluid temperature increases, a level change of over 3/4 will occur as fluid temperature rises from 60 to 180 degrees. We recommend you don’t use a thick fluid due to the shift, and pressure solenoids. The capacity of the Th400 transmission fluid, when the unit is dry, is around 6 quarts. The new cast-aluminum Turbo 400 SuperCase is the result of more than two years of development and has been in production for seven years. 10. Nitrogen Oxides Catalytic Converter (LM2 With Filter) assembly. 4l80e trans brake. SmartDraw for the fastest diagramming. The TH350-C was the lockup torque converter version introduced in. ε is the roughness height of the internal walls of the pipe and is published in many tables. 10 1. Make sure the kickdown wire is connected to the right one. You. TH/THC. efficiency = net work done by heat engine heat absorbed by heat engine = − wsys qhigh = nRThighln(V2 V1) + nRTlowln(V4 V3) nRThighln(V2 V1) Since processes II (2-3) and IV (4-1) are adiabatic, (T2 T3)CV / R = V3 V2. 4L80E. 30-year old TH400 with old B&M shift kit and 12" stock GM VP converter that worked fine when pulled out. Taylor® Forklift Parts No-one can match Sudden Service's commitment to genuine Taylor OEM forklift and lift truck parts availability. A workflow diagram is a start-to-finish visual representation of a workflow, business process, or any set of steps you take to achieve a result. g. #2 · Nov 20, 2021. The TH350 uses a mechanical linkage that attaches to the carburetor. Check and add as necessary. A flowchart is a wonderful way to map out and document a collaborative project or process. An accurate determination of the pressure drop of a compressible fluid flowing through a pipe requires knowledge of the relationship between pressure and specific volume of the fluid. But, GM had been in transmission limbo,. T4 (4T60)/ 4T60E. lbs. Electra Sweden Well-Known Member. Th400 Fluid Flow Diagram. TH400 Fluid Capacity. draw. Cools. Billet Aluminum Powerglide Wicked Quick Valve Body®. 0 bar) or, typically, on a 4-20mA electrical signal for industry or a 0-10V signal for HVAC systems. Quick Ship TH400, Turbo 400 Transmission with Free Torque Converter and Transmission Fluid. Proper fluid flow is necessary to lubricate the vital components and reduce friction. There are a number of other standard symbols included in PFD diagrams with a multitude of functions, as shown below. 2023 2 Comments. * Means extra charge will be $20. Check the fluid level. Thanks in advance for your reply. Chrysler . One of the crucial aspects of curveball can be explained using a formula typically used to describe fluid flow. 8:1 32 spline, 4" 0. Simplified or conceptual designs are called process flow diagrams (PFDs). Powerglide - OEM. Part of the TH400 inefficiency results from the fact that the direct drum counter-rotates, spinning backwards in 1st gear, brakes to a complete stop on the 1-2 shift, then goes. Comes standard in Superglide 4 and 2 and High Impact Proglides! Perfect for any Powerglide Transmission and a full 7. Qwik-req "Parts Requisition Forms". Identifies symptoms and recommended solutions for quality rebuilds. One (1) Pressure Regulator Spring. Qty. com. If you want to use your TH350 or TH400 for faster and speedier performance, perhaps Ford type F fluid is best for transmission purpose. Then return to your trans. V 6. 37” long and comes in at a weight of 135 pounds dry. 00: 400-1FM:The 6L80 would have big shoes to fill, with legendary predecessors like the TH400, 4L80E and 4L60E transmissions. so should the lower port go to the top or bottom on my cooler. Automatic Transmission Cooler Lines, 7 Foot Length, Flexible, Braided Stainless Steel, Black, PTFE, 4L60, 700R4, TH350, TH400, Pair Part Number: SUM-230321-B 5. A list of the equipment numbers along with a brief descriptive name for the equipment is printed along the top of the diagram. (See the diagram below for sample wiring. GM TH400: 6: GM Powerglide: 4: GM 700R4/4L60E: 6: GM 2004R: 6: GM 4L80E: 7. AboutTranscript. I found Gearstar online (and clicked the "TH400" link. The laboratory work is carried to determine the type of flow in fluids like laminar, turbulent, and transitional flows. The refrigerator extracts heat Q c Q c from a cold-temperature reservoir at T c T c when the ideal gas expands isothermally. Value stream maps Value stream mapping software. The PR valve limits or regulates pressures to the common 50-250 psi range seen in transmissions. $5,995. Heat exchangers are devices that typically transfer heat between two fluids. In this episode KD and I get the Th400 ready to run!!!Follow my instagram @youngchevytruckOk, my trans cooler is mounted in front of my radiator, with an inlet on the passenger side upper (facing the grill looking at the engine), and passenger side lower side of the cooler. Higher fluid temperature drastically reduces the life of the fluid. A forum community dedicated to drag racing drivers and enthusiasts. The Top line is Return/In, it doesn't have suction so some fluid may flow out there. In general, when a fluid flows over a stationary surface, e. continuous: the fluid density must the uniform everywhere throughout the fluid. The 4L80e transmission is a powerful and reliable GM tranny. Find the fluid capacities for most popular domestic automatic transmissions and a variety of torque converter diameters. 20 in. $73. Starting with a new permanent-mold Aluminum casting, the finished pump features a 3 piece design with a bolt-in, one-piece, heat treated alloy steel stator tube for improved fluid routing over the pressed in OEM or. I need to know which cooling connection on the transmission is in and which is out. Anyone in readerland know of a detailed hydraulics diagram for each gear range for the 400? I would love to see detailed illustrations like whats found in the later Hydramatic factory ttaining manuals. Flow diagram is a collective term for a diagram representing a flow or set of dynamic relationships in a system. Ok, my trans cooler is mounted in front of my radiator, with an inlet on the passenger side upper (facing the grill looking at the engine), and passenger side lower side of the cooler. 138. Exploded view of a trans section, with labels, and a corresponding part number list. You can use it as a flowchart maker, network diagram software, to create UML online, as an ER diagram tool, to design database schema, to build BPMN online, as a circuit diagram maker, and more. These pressure readings provide a valuable source of information when. By maintaining on demand pressure and flow, internal leakage is reduced, and the system generates less heat. 4L80E Transmission Specs: Dimensions (inches) A: B: C: TH400: 28-3/4:Also, the 4L80E performance transmission was designed for cars up to 16,500 lbs GVWR with towing capacity up to 22,000 LBS, and whose engine is up to 440 ft. The top transmission line runs to the top of the radiator. Used TH400s are available for between $200 and $500, depending on their mileage. Product Details. Its diagram, definition, parts, working, formula,. Note the release pressure in Reverse. P&ID P&ID software. Diagram type. This depends on the torque converter used. 00. The following charts provide the mainline pressure readings for all of the various TCI® transmission models. (Flow Control in Each Direction) Adjustable, Temperature & Pressure Compensated. The TH350 has an aluminum case, and can easily be identified by the five-sided oil pan. Straub (Clay Smith) Hyd Roller cam, . The highest GPM we have ever recorded on a TH400 was less than 8 GPM. Agco automotive repair serviceFlow fluid cooler diagram transmission oil trans fan overdrive load Flow torque r4Th400 schematron greatly appreciated tcs. If the trans cooler section of your radiator is vertical, connect the bottom port on the trans to the bottom port on the cooler, the top port on the cooler to the top port on the trans. Racing Fluid (B & M or TCI) Ford- Type F Additional “Nice to Know” information is at the outer ring. g. Check manual control linkage. Top port on the TH400 is the outlet and connects to the bottom port on the radiator. Radiator with side tanks: Bottom = Feed/In from bottom Trans line. The area of the inside of the hub can then vary from 1. The stator control valve moves against a spring and opens the stator piston fluid passage. It is absolutely necessary that chemical engineers know how to read process flow diagrams because it is the primary method of detailing the process and design information. With its well. 64 inches. We do recommend, however, that the 12 volt be fused for safety. If the pan is square in shape and looks five-sided due to a. The rotational motion of the rotor is proportional to the rate of flow and is sensed by a reluctance-type pickup coil. Microsoft Visio for Microsoft 365 and Windows users. Turbo 400s use three tail shaft lengths; the most preferred units for a GM swap would have the short 4-inch tail shaft. These two pressures will occur together in real flows. Worn-out TV cable/adjustment. As already mentioned, the flow direction of the transmission cooler is such that the top hose attachment is the hotline, and the bottom one is the cold line. This transmission does vary in the amount of fluid. Neutral switches sell new for around $50. Some cars that used the 4L80E transmission include Chevrolet/GMC pickups, commercial vehicles, and vans. The truncation on the right, known as a Kammback, also prevents backflow from the high-pressure region in the back across the spoilers to the convergent part. Hi Guys I was wondering if anyone could tell the direction of the fluid flow on a turbo I think it is top in,. ATI SuperCase recommended over 2000 HP! 2-Speed Max-Duty Outlaw T400 Transmission 1,800 to 3,000 HP Max rating, depending on options. This transmission does vary in the amount of fluid. The most detailed way of modeling multiphase flow is with surface tracking methods, such as the level set or. Job Item No. Flowcharts help you document processes, map program algorithms, plan projects, make decisions, and more. The 12 best flowchart software and diagram tools. providing a means for converter oil to flow back and out to the cooler. Reverse gear is 2. Register or Log In To remove these advertisements. This allows fluid to flow out the front pump, down between the input and stator shafts, and into the stator piston chamber inside the converter. Prev Best on M/T ET S/S #3454 street Tires/Dress 2018/05/20. At 240º the fluid life is only 5,000 miles. 04. Hi Guys I was wondering if anyone could tell the direction of the fluid flow on a turbo 400 . Check on the ground where your car is normally parked. Then remove the remaining bolts, and lower the pan to drain the remaining fluid. Anatomy and function of the choroid plexus. Fluid Phase Behavior: Pressure-Temperature Diagram (P-T Diagram) Figure 5‑2 shows a P-T diagram for a pure component. The type of flow expected in a given system can be determined by using the Reynolds number (Re): the ratio of inertial force and viscous force Re = ρ u dp/η Where: ρ = solvent density. 9824 TCI® Automotive 151 Industrial Dr. It was designed with a three-element turbine torque converter mated to a epicyclic planetary geartrain, thus delivering three forward speeds plus reverse. The tire is 36 inches tall (static—it grows 2-inches in the traps), and the rear gear ratio is 4. BTE's all new high volume and pressure front fluid pump solves the common problems of transbrake "rolling" when staging a drag race vehicle. Read Or Download Chevy Th400 Diagram at 174. $40. C. Simply put, from a design and engineering perspective. Excessive heat kills transmission and torque converter components . It uses a series of vanes very similar to the impeller. 1 Part # TCI-9070 Revised 4/14/15 Toll Free: 1. Home > Tech Info > Trans Cooler Return Line Chart. Any chance that this dipstick seals too good and the vent is now the only breather? It's blown enough fluid out that it. October 21, 2022. January 05, 2022. 7: Chrysler Torqueflite 727: 5: Chrysler Torqueflite 904: 5: Ford C4: 5. They come with bottles of ATF, fluid coolers, heavy-duty aluminum. temp2c. Turbo-Hydramatic or Turbo Hydra-Matic is the registered tradename for a family of automatic transmissions developed and produced by General Motors. 14. Follow this line to the left as it curves up until it reaches the vertical line corresponding to your flow's Reynolds Number. Process flow diagram. A worn-out TV cable or a faulty adjustment is another common issue on the 700r4 transmission. Explore Lucidchart diagrams and tutorial guides. Position jack stands securely under the vehicle. Turbo 400 transmission parts range in price between $10 and $1,000, depending on the component and application. STEP 1: Drain oil and remove transmission from vehicle. Since I do not drive my cars in Freezing weather I have never hooked up the Trans lines to the Rad, just to the Trans Cooler as I see no reason to heating up the Trans Fluid with the hot Rad Fluid. Upper ⅛" Pipe Return/in. 87 $ 18. December 23, 2019. Older-style transmissions that don’t have overdrive can make it difficult to drive these cars on the freeway. Any help will be greatly appreciated. Recommendations on the amount of transmission fluid to be used vary from one instance to the next on several factors, including the type of torque converter. This is caused by a clogged filter. 7,0. On the other hand, the transmission oil pan is usually bolted to the transmission bottom. The early model is shown in Figure 2-34. There is a process flowchart, swimlane flowchart, workflow chart, data flow diagram, EPC diagram, SDL diagram, process map, decision flowchart, among others. Th400 kickdown switch wiring diagram. The 1947 - Present Chevrolet & GMC Truck Message Board Network > 47 - Current. ρ = the density of the fluid. Get specific recommendations for service about fluid type and capacity of your Chevy Trucks and Vans automatic transmission. BBF612 · updated 1h ago. Read off the corresponding friction factor. 64-98 1 TH400. Incompressible flow – A fluid flow where variations in density are negligible i. $135. Turbo 400 TH400 Transmission Fluid Capacity Dry. How automatic transmission works4l60e fluid flow diagram Th400 fluid flow diagramFluid flow diagram 6l80 technician rwd manual speed guide. A flowchart is a diagram that depicts a process, system, or computer algorithm. And regardless which would you use? Street use manual/rev shift body. 035 / 700 = 5 x 10-5. Dexron3/Mercon. Description. Purpose of PFD or Process Flow Diagram. When the fluid has finished draining, reinstall the drain plug or pan. Even the late-model LS guys have been seen rocking the classic TH400 on occasion. Valves of every kind use the basic square as a start. In automatic transmissions, these systems all serve the same purposes. Step 1: Remove Oil Pump, Manual Shaft and Speedometer Gear Housing. 48:1 first gear. It takes a lot of fluid to push it all out. Home; Th400 fluid flow diagram schools; Filter Type: All Education Study Best School Popular Searched › Karen rose sarasota school board › Connecticut high school basketball rankings › High school transcript philadelphia › Yale university high school programsThe TH-200 has rotating mass and static weight specifications similar to GM’s aluminum Powerglide, but with the benefit of three speeds and a relatively low 2. Twin turbo setup. The line connecting the triple point and critical points is the vapor pressure curve; the extension below the triple point is sublimation point. 69-86 1 TH350. Joined Jan 22, 2001 Posts 207 Reaction Score 0. Hydraulic unit temperature high. Titanium Bolt option saves another 1/2 pound!Recommended service interval – change fluid every 5,000 miles depending on severity of duty. Mark this point on the Chart. Number-1 check ball missing. 77 square inches to 2. Adjustable, Non Compensated. Not everyone on your team will have the time (or resources) to read through a complicated and lengthy process document. That will open up passages in the VB. The TH400 is conservatively rated at 450 ft. Stop at the wrist. #1 Hey guys! does anyone have a chart or diagram with th flow-direction of the fluid inside a TH400? I don't mean to ask what port is the in- or outlet for the radiator,. Visualize complex ideas or processes. 840 Rec Heads (2. STEP 3: Remove and inspect the flexplate for distortion, cracks or damaged ring gear. What is infinitely more common on 400's is a whine caused by pump cavitation. $3,873. I recommend a non Type F fluid for any modern race trans. 05 bar increments. It's design and test validation centers around the flow rates of 14-16 GPM oil at +240°F. GM Transmission Cooler Fittings. Select Device to save your flow chart to your device. Powerglide - Dedenbear. Water and steam are a common fluid used for heat exchange in the primary circuit (from surface of fuel rods to the coolant flow) and in the secondary circuit. It shows the relationship between the processes. The TH700 uses a unique torque converter that will bolt right up to a TH350's flexplate. The term flow diagram is also used as a synonym for flowchart, and sometimes as a counterpart of the flowchart. The line comes off the vacuum tee on the intake manifold, and rather than go directly to the modulator, it attaches to one end of cylinder (about 4 inches long and 1 1/2 in tall) and then out the other end of the cylinder to the modulator. Over Flow-Catch Can Instructions. 1972 Corvette Th400 Transmission Wiring Diagram PdfIt was time to look up Gearstar. Flowcharts use specific shapes to define the type of step, along with connecting arrows to define a flow or sequence. Turbo 400 All Terminator level Transmissions have a $300 Core Charge. This placement is aimed at providing the best power ratio and durability for rear-wheel drive. The Bottom line is the Feed/Out which has pressure. The definition of process flows is a series of sequential tasks that guide people to get work done. and can weigh up to ~230 lbs. 2. It was introduced for the 1965 model year and made its debut in Cadillacs, and is respected for its durability and adaptability. 37 7/8 in. Q = d V d t. I found Gearstar online (and clicked the "TH400" link. If you notice that your car is dripping a red fluid, that is most likely transmission fluid. After you drop the pan and reinstall, give it 5 quarts. You can expect to use between 11 and 12 quarts of fluid in the stock version. The high grade materials used. With a converter, it needs 10 to 11 quarts if completely dry. Top. It is a device in which pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy and is used to measure the rate of flow through a pipe. The end is the arrow marked 38gpm to Process. TH/3L80/ 3L80H. 64-98 1 TH400. Jeep, Ford small-block and Buick V-6 adapters are available to convert your 4WD to the TH400. The Laminar zone is the part on the extreme left. The GM TH400 transmission is a three-speed automatic transmission that was longitudinally positioned behind the engine. Check that none of the pressure relief valves were set too low. on the th400 is the top port (closer to trans tunnle) or the bottom port (closer to the pan) in or out? also should the out of the trans go to the top. FTI TH400 parts and accessories will help your transmission rebuild or repair go more smoothly. The fluid pan on the TH400 has 13 bolts, while the TH350 has 11 bolts. Using the Moody Chart, a Reynolds number of 50 000 000 intersects the curve. With more than. 190 hp engine and wide ratio four speed manual transmission: $5,398. Generally, a PFD (Fig. In addition to the “A” and “B” cylinder ports, the four-way valve has a pressure and exhaust port. Quick Ship TH400, Turbo 400 Transmission with Free Torque Converter and Transmission Fluid. TH200-4R SwapUse the external cooler before the radiator cooler. It says that the top line is the return line. The 4L60e weighs 133 pounds without transmission fluid, and the TH400 tips the scales at 134 pounds. Explore Lucidchart diagrams and tutorial guides. Check ball locations are shown in the diagram (page 3). 8972 TH400 STREETFIGHTER® SERIES VALVE BODY 1965-87 MANUAL/AUTO VALVE BODY INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSTo read a Moody Chart, first calculate the relative roughness of the pipe, ε/D. 4206 posts · Joined 2003. This mod works on TH400's, TH350's, 200-4R's, and others. 7204 posts · Joined 2008. The Turbo 400, also known as the TH400, is a popular automatic transmission used in many classic vehicles. The flow coefficient is a way of measuring how efficient a valve is at allowing fluid to flow through it and generally determined experimentally. Web web th400 cooler lines diagram. 210 pound of force, divided by these two figures offers an internal torque converter pressure of 119 psi to 100 psi, respectively. It reenters at the low-pressure end of the venous system, uses one-way valves to prevent backflow, and relies on body movement and smooth muscle contractions for propulsion. The highest GPM we have ever recorded on a TH400 was less than 8 GPM. This type of diagram provides a general overview of individual tasks and objectives without getting into too much detail. Featuring 308 stainless steel braided covering over a hard-wearing high quality PTFE liner. It is a centrifugal force applying to the fluid that makes it flow inside the casing. 63. And if the number of bolts is around 13, then it means the unit is either a TH350 or TH400. TH-400 transmissions are three-speed automatics, with a 2. If you do not have an external transmission. On the transmission (TH400) the bottom line is out and the top line is the return. We will see in the next section that when the fluid is moving its pressure may change even if the fluid stays at the same height. #1 · Apr 10, 2016 Installing new lines and forget to identify the fluid routing. Visit for more math and science lectures!In this video I will explain the Moody Diagram, which is used to find the friction factor=. The Reynolds number can be specified as below: Re = inertial force viscous force = fluid and flow properties fluid properties (1) For instance, a glass of water that stands on a static surface, regardless of any forces apart from gravity, is at rest, and flow properties are ignored. Th400 Fluid Flow Diagram. The argument for change of the designation is that the diagram type is used for both fluid and solid material processes. With early models, remove and discard the gasket. th400 rebuild kit chevy turbo 400 transmission diagram th400 fluid flow diagramth400 transmission turbo 400 rebuild instructions thm400 vs th400 th400 assembly th400 disassembly at the rear of the pan, designating a 1964 to 1967 model TH400. ------------------. Although not a requirement, this data supports the complaints. Filter plugged. Top port on the TH400 is the outlet and connects to the bottom port on the radiator. Fluid flow in open tubes: 1. 33 27/32 in. 8-12 quarts total is not usual to. The bottom port on the TH400 is the pressure/output side, the upper port is the return/inlet side. Lost cooler flow. 224. in. TH-400 & 5600 Stall. When I dual feed a TH400 or TH350, I disable the 2-3 accumulator. Web Routing Of Th400 Tx Fluid Cooling Lines. The rate of diffusion depends on the viscosity of the fluid. These are the circle, square and diamond. Liquid flow can be vicious or non-viscous. In stock. Other Chevy trans may flow differently. well its not the first time i have been wrong. Figure 12-4: Typical schematic diagram. Helps cure: Poor shift quality. 00. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless plasma-like fluid that bathes the central nervous system (CNS). Th400_gdTh400 valvebody photobucket Th400 3l80Th400 th350. $5,295. 900 HP OR LESS - Recommended Fluids See full synthetic notes listed below. MAN01 Click here to view special tools for this transmission. A data flow diagram typically shows the inputs, processes. 468/TH400 2,500 stall / S60 3. Learn about different types of flowcharts and how they're used. The torque converter is a fluid turbine drive and like those on its predecessor transmissions; the TH350C, 700R4, and 4L60, the 4L80 features a lock-up pressure plate for direct mechanically coupled driving from the engine crank. #2 · Sep 27, 2012. The advantage here is a trans that is even stronger than the original TH400 and offers an excellent 25 percent overdrive. ForAbstract. The eight-speed transitions the gear ratio chart is even deeper by using a 4. I just don't want it way too low it burns stuff up before I can add more fluid. Thus, the numerator in equation (1) is “0”.